CHEMO-SENSES: Senses of Smell & Taste (CST)

CHEMO-SENSES: Senses of Smell & Taste (CST)KIT CONTENTS: Anosmia The loss of the sense of smell. Ageusia The loss of the sense of taste. Bowmans Glands Bowmans glands are responsible for the production of most of our nasal mucus. They are located in the lamina propria layer of the epithelia inside the nasal cavity. Secretions from these glands include carbonic anhydrase, MUC5AC, and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes https: www. sciencedirect. com topics neuroscience bowman gland Cranial Nerve I

KIT CONTENTS:

Anosmia 

The loss of the sense of smell.

Ageusia

The loss of the sense of taste.

Bowman’s Glands

Bowman’s glands are responsible for the production of most of our nasal mucus. They are located in the lamina propria layer of the epithelia inside the nasal cavity. Secretions from these glands include “carbonic anhydrase, MUC5AC, and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes...” https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/bowman-gland

Cranial Nerve I (Left and Right), Olfactory Nerve

The olfactory sensory neurons form the Olfactory Nerve (also called Cranial Nerve I).

Cranial Nerve IX (Right and left), Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Involved in the sense of taste at the back of the tongue. It has many functions and enables swallowing.

Cribriform Plate

The cribriform plate is perforated by olfactory opening. It allows the olfactory nerves to pass from the roof of the nasal cavity through to the olfactory bulb.

Hyposmia

The reduced ability to detect odours.

Lingual Papillae

"Circumvallate, fungiform, and foliate papillae are the structures that house the taste buds on the tongue. Taste buds are a collection of differentiated epithelial cells that respond to the five basic tastes..." Filiform papillae facilitate the "senses of touch, temperature and pain." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6078535

Mitral Cells 

“Mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb are principal neurons, each type having distinct projection pattern of their dendrites and axons." https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14960563/

Nasal Epithelia, Lamina Propria

Olfactory epithelia consist of two main layers: the olfactory mucosa and the lamina propria.

Nasal Epithelia, Olfactory Mucosa

Contains multiple types of cells, including olfactory neurons, sustentacular cells, basal cells, and the ducts of Bowman's glands.

Nasal Mucus

Mucus produced by Bowman’s glands moistens the olfactory epithelium and dissolves and guides odor molecules to the cilia of the olfactory neurons. "The respiratory epithelium is lined by mucus, a gel consisting of water, ions, proteins, and macromolecules. The major macromolecular components of mucus are the mucin glycoproteins, which are critical for local defense of the airway.” Mucus traps debris, bacteria, viruses. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29170036/#

Nasal Sustentacular Cells

“The job of these support cells in the nasal epithelia is to maintain the balance of salt ions in the nasal mucus, which the neurons rely on to send signals to the brain. These neurons lack the ACE2 receptors the virus uses to infect cells, but they are found on support cells in the nasal lining which interact with these neurons.”

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00055-6

Olfactory Bulb

There are two olfactory bulbs supported by the cribriform plate above the nasal cavity. The olfactory bulbs receive information from the olfactory sensory neurons and transmit it to the brain.

Olfactory Cortex

The primary olfactory cortex (POC) is a portion of the cerebral cortex. It is found in the inferior part of the temporal lobe of the brain.

Olfactory Receptors (ORs)

Olfactory receptors also known as odorant receptors, are located in both the cilia and synapses of the olfactory neurons. For humans, there are about 400 types of protein receptors but each neuron expresses one or just a few. These are used in combinations to identify thousands of different smells. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10824/

Olfactory Sensory Neurons

Humans have millions of olfactory receptor neurons for odorant detection. They are inside the nasal epithelia at the roof of the nasal cavity; neurons convert odorous molecules into sensory signals.

Olfactory Neurons Cilia

“Inhalation of odorants across the surface of the olfactory epithelium initiates the olfactory signaling cascade, which involves the binding of odorants to receptors localized on the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682445/

Parosmia

The change in the normal perception of odors, such as when the smell of something familiar is distorted, or when something that normally smells pleasant now smells foul.

Phantosmia

The sensation of an odor that is not there.

Taste Buds

Taste buds are chemo-sensory organs inside papillae, small bumps, on the tongue. They work with nasal olfactory receptors to sense flavor.

Taste Bud Gustatory Hair

Taste ‘hairs’ are microvilli on gustatory receptor cells contained in taste buds.

Taste Bud Gustatory Umami Receptor Cells

Taste Bud Gustatory Sweet Receptor Cells

Taste Bud Gustatory Sour Receptor Cells

Taste Bud Gustatory Bitter Receptor Cells

Taste Bud Gustatory Salty Taste Signals

Tufted Cells

A type of nerve cell that receives input from the receptor cells in the nasal epithelium.

Tongue

Vibrations Mix

Mix of related signatures. Please ask us for a list.

Quantity: 30 Vials

Model: CST

Note: Ergopathics test kits are not intended to diagnose, prevent, treat or cure any disease, disorder or abnormal physical state. The vials contain ethanol and water and the process used to imprint them with electromagnetic signatures has not been tested or validated by any scientific method and is not approved by any regulatory authority. They are intended for use solely by qualified providers to support wellness and manage stress. Vials do not contain any substances classified as a DINs of NHPs by Health Canada.